Initially, heart disease, particularly coronary heart disease is the most important in relation to the high number of deaths and patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Patients with diabetes show a higher prevalence of coronary heart disease, a greater extent of coronary ischemia and are more likely to experience myocardial infarction and mild myocardial ischemia compared to other human beings without diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Attack
In short, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) carriers naturally show other cardiovascular hazard elements associated with IR-type infarction. Historically, exemplary danger elements such as DM, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and non-modifiable elements such as age, male gender and family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
In contemporary times, there is an intense search to identify the current markers that can continue to refine this prediction of events, especially in humans, early identification is known to be great, but everyone finds that the highest danger is having diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus and Stroke
It is still verified that one in five individuals with diabetes will die of a stroke, making it one of the most important reasons for death among these patients. Stroke and diabetes are two diseases that are closely associated and continue to increase in the world community.
Among their dysfunctions, they affect the blood vessels and are associated with other essential elements of vascular danger, such as high blood pressure and dyslipidemia (increase in blood fat).
Compared to someone without diabetes, being a diabetic is more than double the danger of not resisting an ischemic stroke, the kind of stroke in which an artery in the brain is blocked and is abandoned to provide circulation to that part of the brain.
Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Vascular Disease
It is understood that peripheral vascular disease is categorized by the atherosclerotic obstruction of the lower associated arteries, gradually and adversely affecting the category of existence of patients. These facts, associated with other inequalities in the pathophysiology of diabetic foot lesions, imply a worse prognosis for these patients with higher rates of morbidity and mortality associated with PAOD.
The atherosclerotic process that affects the diabetic patient or victim is the same as that of non-diabetic human beings. Several alterations in the metabolism of the diabetic increase the danger of atherogenesis. The risk is of myocardial infarction.
The symptoms are the active increase in pro-atherogenic activity in the smooth muscle cells of the vascular wall and platelet association, apart from the addition of pro-coagulant elements, blood viscosity and fibrinogen production.
The diagnosis is made with tests, and these vascular abnormalities must be evident for a longer time, or simply, even before the diagnosis of diabetes and even increase with the duration of the disease and with the worsening of glycemic control.
The treatment is carried out with specific drugs and with the promotion of physical activities and diet so as not to increase the risks.
Greater attention is paid to heart failure, as a weak heart does not pump the same amount of blood that a healthy heart usually pumps, which can also increase the risk of clotting. The Pacemaker and the catheter in the veins can cause some irritation in the blood vessels and consequently a decrease in blood flow.
Among the biggest dilemmas is obesity, identified as a serious risk factor in thrombosis, since excess weight and the accumulation of localized fat start to exert even greater pressure on the veins, which naturally ends up hindering a better flow of blood, especially between the vessels of the pelvis and legs.
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is common among patients with DM and is correlated with an increased 5-year mortality rate from CVD.
The clinical manifestations of CAN are tachycardia at rest, postural hypotension, exercise intolerance, abnormal coronary vasomotor regulation, increased QT interval and perioperative instability. Collectively, the clinical manifestations of CAN are related to an increased risk of kidney disease, stroke, CVD, and sudden death.
The development and progression of CAN are probably related to dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with increased sympathetic activity and elevation of inflammatory markers. As the ANS is responsible for maintaining sinus node activity, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and systemic vascular resistance, ANS dysfunction can lead to arterial stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. The incidence of CAN increases with age and with inadequate glycemic control, which puts patients with DM at greater risk of developing CAN and CVD.
Treatment
As CVD is the most prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with DM, effective treatment is essential to decrease the subsequent risk of CV events in diabetics. Suboptimal glycemic control, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and autonomic dysfunction are common cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients, putting them at greater risk for CV complications.
As the prevalence of DM continues to increase, associated CVDs – through both traditional CV risk factors and the direct effects of DM on CVD – may also increase. Consequently, adequate management and treatment of DM, along with aggressive treatment of associated cardiovascular risk factors, are central to containing the increasing prevalence and progression of DM and CVD.
